【行業資訊】最高院：金融資產管理公司轉讓不良債權公告違反《處置公告管理辦法》的可能導致轉讓無效

《北京中京合創(chuang)投資有限責任(ren)公(gong)司、邯鄲市肉雞場確(que)認合同(tong)無效糾紛再審案》【(2020)最高法(fa)民申2756號(hao)】

本(ben)院(yuan)經審查認為，本(ben)案(an)(an)的焦點問題有(you)三(san)，一是(shi)(shi)關(guan)于(yu)本(ben)案(an)(an)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)適用《海南會議(yi)紀(ji)要(yao)》的問題，二(er)是(shi)(shi)關(guan)于(yu)本(ben)案(an)(an)債(zhai)權轉(zhuan)讓過程是(shi)(shi)否(fou)侵犯優(you)先購(gou)買(mai)權的問題，三(san)是(shi)(shi)關(guan)于(yu)本(ben)案(an)(an)債(zhai)權轉(zhuan)讓協議(yi)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)無效的問題。

（一）關(guan)于本案(an)是否適用《海南會議紀要》的問(wen)題(ti)

本案(an)(an)所涉(she)《債(zhai)(zhai)權轉(zhuan)讓協議(yi)(yi)》項下的(de)債(zhai)(zhai)權屬于財政(zheng)部委托(tuo)中國農業(ye)銀行股份有限(xian)(xian)公司(si)管理(li)和處(chu)置(zhi)的(de)股改(gai)剝(bo)離不(bu)良(liang)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)，根據《最高人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)關于審(shen)(shen)(shen)理(li)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)中國農業(ye)銀行股份有限(xian)(xian)公司(si)處(chu)置(zhi)股改(gai)剝(bo)離不(bu)良(liang)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)案(an)(an)件適用相關司(si)法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋和司(si)法(fa)(fa)政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)通知(zhi)》之規定(ding)，“人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)審(shen)(shen)(shen)理(li)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)農業(ye)銀行處(chu)置(zhi)上(shang)述不(bu)良(liang)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)案(an)(an)件時，可以適用最高人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)就(jiu)審(shen)(shen)(shen)理(li)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)金融(rong)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)管理(li)公司(si)處(chu)置(zhi)不(bu)良(liang)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)案(an)(an)件所發布的(de)相關司(si)法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋、司(si)法(fa)(fa)政(zheng)策(ce)及(ji)(ji)有關答復、通知(zhi)的(de)規定(ding)”。而根據《海南會(hui)議(yi)(yi)紀要》之規定(ding)，債(zhai)(zhai)務人(ren)未對不(bu)良(liang)債(zhai)(zhai)權轉(zhuan)讓合(he)同的(de)效力(li)提出(chu)異議(yi)(yi)，但(dan)案(an)(an)件的(de)事(shi)實與相關證據情況能夠引發人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)對不(bu)良(liang)債(zhai)(zhai)權轉(zhuan)讓合(he)同效力(li)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生合(he)理(li)懷(huai)疑的(de)，人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)可以依(yi)職權主動(dong)審(shen)(shen)(shen)查不(bu)良(liang)債(zhai)(zhai)權轉(zhuan)讓合(he)同的(de)效力(li)。本案(an)(an)債(zhai)(zhai)務人(ren)肉雞(ji)場在(zai)債(zhai)(zhai)權轉(zhuan)讓之時雖(sui)然改(gai)制為事(shi)業(ye)單位，但(dan)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)非國有企業債務人的(de)金融不良債權轉(zhuan)讓(rang)糾紛(fen)案(an)件(jian)(jian)，符合條件(jian)(jian)情況下(xia)亦應參照適用《海南(nan)會(hui)(hui)議紀要》的(de)規定。故二審(shen)判決(jue)關于(yu)案(an)涉債權轉(zhuan)讓(rang)應當(dang)(dang)適用《海南(nan)會(hui)(hui)議紀要》的(de)認定并無不當(dang)(dang)，中京(jing)合創公司(si)關于(yu)本案(an)所涉債權(quan)不適用《海南會(hui)議紀要》的申請再(zai)審事(shi)由沒有事(shi)實和法(fa)律依據(ju)，本院不予支持。

（二）關于案涉債權轉讓過程是否侵犯優先購買權的問題

根據《海南會議紀要》第四條之規(gui)定，為了防止在通(tong)過(guo)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)方(fang)式處(chu)置(zhi)不(bu)良(liang)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)中發(fa)生(sheng)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)流(liu)失(shi)，相關地方(fang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)代表(biao)本級(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府履(lv)行出資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)職(zhi)責的(de)(de)機構(gou)(gou)、部門或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本的(de)(de)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)可以對(dui)不(bu)良(liang)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)行使(shi)(shi)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)向(xiang)非(fei)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)機構(gou)(gou)法(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)不(bu)良(liang)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)處(chu)置(zhi)方(fang)案(an)(an)、交易條件(jian)以及處(chu)置(zhi)程(cheng)序、方(fang)式確定后(hou)，單筆（單戶）轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)不(bu)良(liang)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)，金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)應(ying)當通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)注(zhu)冊登(deng)記(ji)地的(de)(de)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。以整體“資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)包(bao)”的(de)(de)形式轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)不(bu)良(liang)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)，如資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)包(bao)中主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)注(zhu)冊登(deng)記(ji)地屬同一轄(xia)區，應(ying)當通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)該轄(xia)區的(de)(de)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；如資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)包(bao)中主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)注(zhu)冊登(deng)記(ji)地屬不(bu)同轄(xia)區，應(ying)當通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)共同的(de)(de)上級(ji)行政(zheng)區域(yu)的(de)(de)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。根據《金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)處(chu)置(zhi)管(guan)理辦法(fa)（修(xiu)訂）》（以下簡稱《資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)處(chu)置(zhi)管(guan)理辦法(fa)》）之規(gui)定，金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)對(dui)持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)（包(bao)括國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)全資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)控(kong)股企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)）的(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)進行出售時，應(ying)提前(qian)15天書面告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)及其出資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)(huo)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)管(guan)理部門。長(chang)城資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)河(he)(he)北分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)在處(chu)置(zhi)案(an)(an)涉債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)時，邯(han)鄲市(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)代表(biao)本級(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府履(lv)行出資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)職(zhi)責的(de)(de)機構(gou)(gou)、部門或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)持(chi)有(you)(you)(you)肉雞場(chang)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)(you)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本的(de)(de)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)享有(you)(you)(you)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。長(chang)城資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)河(he)(he)北分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)在轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)案(an)(an)涉債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)方(fang)案(an)(an)確定后(hou)，應(ying)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)邯(han)鄲市(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府等優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)(shi)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。長(chang)城資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)河(he)(he)北分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)僅于債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)前(qian)在天津金(jin)融(rong)(rong)(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)交易所網(wang)站上公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)告(gao)知(zhi)(zhi)優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)(shi)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，不(bu)能(neng)發(fa)生(sheng)通(tong)知(zhi)(zhi)到具體優(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)購(gou)(gou)買(mai)(mai)(mai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)效力。長(chang)城資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)河(he)(he)北分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)辯(bian)稱其于2017年9月8日向(xiang)肉雞場(chang)和邯(han)鄲市(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府發(fa)出了《催(cui)(cui)收(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)函》，但該《催(cui)(cui)收(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)函》上沒有(you)(you)(you)對(dui)案(an)(an)涉債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)即(ji)將出售的(de)(de)意思表(biao)示內容，且發(fa)生(sheng)在涉案(an)(an)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)一年之前(qian)，也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)視為(wei)已通知到具體(ti)優先購買權人(ren)。故該(gai)債權轉讓(rang)程(cheng)序侵犯了地方人(ren)民政(zheng)府的優先購買權。

（三）關于本案債權轉讓協議是否無效的問題

根據《資(zi)產處置管理辦法》之規定，以要約邀請公(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)詢(xun)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)等(deng)方(fang)式處置時，至(zhi)(zhi)少要有(you)兩人以(yi)(yi)上(shang)參(can)加競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，當只有(you)一人競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)時，需按照公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)程(cheng)序補登公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)7個工作日后(hou)，如確定沒(mei)有(you)新的競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)者參(can)加競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)才能(neng)成交。《金融資(zi)產管理公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)資(zi)產處置公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)管理辦法（修訂）》規定資(zi)產處置標的超過(guo)5000萬元(yuan)（含）的處置項目，在資(zi)產所在地的省(sheng)級（含）以(yi)(yi)上(shang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)發行(xing)的經濟類(lei)(lei)或綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)類(lei)(lei)報(bao)紙上(shang)進行(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)。本案(an)中，長(chang)城資(zi)產河(he)北分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)在只有(you)中京(jing)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)創公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)時，未補登公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)，即與中京(jing)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)創公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)達成債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)轉讓協議，對案(an)涉(she)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)的處置程(cheng)序不(bu)符合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)上(shang)述規定。雖然長(chang)城資(zi)產河(he)北分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)辯稱(cheng)其延(yan)期(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)2018年10月17日開(kai)始競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，期(qi)間債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)轉讓公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)一直進行(xing)，但補登公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)亦應在省(sheng)級以(yi)(yi)上(shang)經濟類(lei)(lei)或綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)類(lei)(lei)報(bao)紙上(shang)進行(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)，故延(yan)期(qi)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)并(bing)不(bu)能(neng)代替補登公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)的程(cheng)序。結合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)邯鄲(dan)市人民政府證(zheng)明其沒(mei)有(you)收到案(an)涉(she)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)轉讓通(tong)知(zhi)和(he)享有(you)優先(xian)購買權(quan)(quan)的通(tong)知(zhi)、并(bing)主張不(bu)放棄優先(xian)購買權(quan)(quan)的事實，可以(yi)(yi)認定長(chang)城資(zi)產河(he)北分(fen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)未按規定進行(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)告(gao)及通(tong)知(zhi)的行(xing)為，是導(dao)致涉(she)案(an)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)最(zui)終由一人競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)購買的原因(yin)，對依照公(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)平(ping)和(he)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭、擇優原則處置不(bu)良資(zi)產造成實質影響(xiang)。

根據《海南會議(yi)紀要(yao)》規(gui)定，在(zai)(zai)審(shen)(shen)理(li)不(bu)良(liang)(liang)債權轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)合(he)(he)同效力的訴訟中，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)當(dang)根據合(he)(he)同法(fa)和《金融資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)公司(si)(si)條例》等(deng)法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)，并參照國(guo)家相關政策(ce)規(gui)定，重點審(shen)(shen)查不(bu)良(liang)(liang)債權的可轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)性(xing)、受讓(rang)(rang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的適(shi)格性(xing)以及轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)程序的公正(zheng)性(xing)和合(he)(he)法(fa)性(xing)。金融資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)公司(si)(si)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)不(bu)良(liang)(liang)債權存在(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)不(bu)良(liang)(liang)債權公告違反《金融資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)管(guan)理(li)公司(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)處(chu)置公告管(guan)理(li)辦法(fa)（修訂）》規(gui)定，對依照公開、公平、公正(zheng)和競爭、擇優原則處(chu)置不(bu)良(liang)(liang)資(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)造成實質性(xing)影(ying)響的情形(xing)的，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)當(dang)認(ren)(ren)定轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)合(he)(he)同損(sun)害國(guo)家利益或(huo)社會公共利益或(huo)者違反法(fa)律、行政法(fa)規(gui)強制(zhi)性(xing)規(gui)定而無(wu)效。故二審(shen)(shen)判決認(ren)(ren)定案(an)涉(she)債權轉(zhuan)(zhuan)讓(rang)(rang)協無(wu)效并無(wu)不(bu)當(dang)，京(jing)合(he)(he)創公司(si)(si)的再審(shen)(shen)申請事(shi)由沒有事(shi)實和法(fa)律依據，本院(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)予支持。

來源：不良資產觀察